Social Consequences of New Media

Social Consequences of New MediaIdentify the roughly consequential features of recent media and assess how and why sociological theory and concepts deal with these. pinch This essay establishes the background of refreshing media technologies within the context of their historical knowledge. The argument is then addressed towards the largest societal consequences tial bulge outcomes of untested-sprung(prenominal) technologies as through analysis of the augmentation and facilitation of social communities and online interest hoststhe key consequential teachings of new media, culminating in the bring out that online federation augmentation is the most crucial in order to provide social structures for the hold upence and procession of new(prenominal) new media consequences. This argument is then placed into a framework of related theoretical endeavour and elucidates salient arguments in order to establish the premise within contemporary academia. The essay closes with a su mmation of the discussion along with concluding comments.The boundary new media has gained a great deal of currency over the past two decades. It is also worthy of note that the term has gained status as a collective, singular noun stool as if it was in reference to a single, coherent entity. This use has become increasingly common, not only in marketing circles and journalistic reportage but also in the world of academia. Whilst the term in itself is incredibly vague, the utterance of such increasingly implies solidarity of existence as a totally formed and fully achieved social and material practice. Whilst there is bittie truth in this premise, this nature of conduct continues, and in doing so undermines development of coherent debate.Throughout this paper, the term new media go out be applied to the proficient practice, development and subsequent social construction of those technologies which have been borne of mesh and digitally associated technologies. In addition to this, it must be pointed out that it would at best be truculent, and at worst benighted, to talk of the consequences of new media in hurt of cause and effect this does not do the subject justice nor does it recognise the transience of the situation. It is for these reasons that end-to-end the course of this critique the consequences of new media technologies will be catalogued in a historically linear form in order to demonstrate the manner in which such technologies lead to further technological developments, each built upon the innovation of the previous. This essay will address the inception of those technologies which have now come to be cognise as new media and establish them within a historical framework with particular emphasis placed on the development of the World commodious net. Scholarly endeavour on these involvements is subsequently placed into context of existing examples of new media development, along with their societal consequences. These arguments are then c onsolidated with broader, underpinning theories which argue for the good example of companionship augmentation as the primary consequence of new media technologies. The essay then closes with a summary of key points raised with according conclusions.Current developments in new media technologies can be traced back to the inception of internet technologies and the consequential developments which ensued. When John Licklider joined ARPA, Leonard Klienrock was already developing ideas for packet move. This was a method of sending information in broken up pieces, or packets. The information would be reassembled at the other end. Because the files were broken up before sending, they would be more awkward to eavesdrop, therefore of great appeal to ARPA. In 1965 an experiment saw computers in Berkley and MIT linked over a low-speed dial-up telephone line, forming the first ever Wide field of operation Network (Sadar, 2000).ARPA scientists continued the development of networking proto cols and in 1972 TCP/IP was born. This would allow different networks to communicate with each other. Now it was simply a matter of age and growth, as at this stage computers consisted of large mainframes that were not available to the majority of mint. In 1982, whilst ARPANET was still the backbone of the system, they adopted TCP/IP. This is considered as the birth of the internet an external network of computers all use the standard. Expansion of the system was also occurring due to advances in computer technology and in 1984 the number of online hosts was over 1000. Governments started using and promoting the system for educational purposes and by 1987 there were 10.000 hosts (over the following two years this number had swelled to 100,000) (Baym, 1998).The year 1991 saw the launch of the World Wide Web (WWW) which consisted of a network of searchable and retrievable sites that employ the use of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). This protocol automatically searched for the s ite and retrieved it for automatic imagineing. Tim Berners-Lee and other scientists had been developing ideas for making data easily retrievable since 1989 and several browser/editor programs were made shortly after. This formed the basis of what would become new media technology as it is now known (Baym, 1998).An important consequence of the pro supportration of new media is the digital divide. In economic terms, the digital divide emphasises the gap between those with privilege and those without. Those without suffer a more circumscribed access to the means of information distribution that new media has come to be synonymous with internet access, email, smartphones, etc. The consequences of this are broad reaching since they can relate people not just on their individual access to digital information services but also by geographical location or by their access to social entities such as businesses, educational services and public services. This gap also exists between nation states and is known on an international scale as the global digital divide (Halford Savage, 2010).The historically recent rise in new media has also prompted an interest in the academic study of mobilities an area of the social sciences which was largely disregarded until the phenomenon. The turn in attitude is due largely, if not wholly, to the ubiquity of locative media and mobile communications in increasingly novel forms (Urry, 2000). These new technologies are augmenting and supplementing the manner in which members of fraternity communicate with one another, and indeed their locations, on the move. Such ICTs (Information and Communications Technologies) are increasing in ubiquity, as increasing numbers of people begin to railcarry smart technologies with them, and rising numbers of architectural structures and public borders are becoming embedded with responsive entities which can relay pertinent information. Transport structures, public service buildings, architecture of interest, etc. are becoming increasingly embedded with satellite connectivity, GPS, responsive software, sensors and other interactive data transfer forms (Urry, 2004).It is uncontroversial to argue that the most important and far-reaching consequence of new media is the increased ability for social and confederation forming the world has witnessed a massive rise in online groups and communities. For many people it is now possible to be part of multiple online groups simultaneously.Much of the general debate around the grade of the virtual communitiesdebate which surrounds new media also highlights the increase in digital representation and through subcultures. From the early days of online chatrooms and social portals which existed entirely in textual form, the development into widespread social media has brought with it a sharp rise in both the globalisation of culture and digital representation of the self through online political platforms. Debate on such representation has b ecome which have developed from new media technologies has become polarised in academic debateia. On the one hand is the groupA strong argument in scholarly endeavour which argues maintains that the internet has created a new platform for with which to resurrect handed-down notions of community (perceived as fading in real life) which could be perceived as diminishing in modern culture this and is a positive step towards achieving a new global solidarity, particularly with the con authoritative development of cultural globalisation. The opposition to this school of thought maintain that cyberspace detracts attention from the issues faced in real life community and is therefore erodes it. This point of view is eloquently allegorised in the opening page of Jean Baudrillards Simulations (1983). Baudrillard paraphrases the Jorge Luis Borges tale of cartographers who create a map of the empire to such detail that it perfectly covers the domain of a function it represents. Whilst the m ap is celebrated the land underneath it declines into wasteland. This is only brought to the attention of the people when the map itself erodes, revealing an uninhabitable desert of the real (Baudrillard, 1983).It is uncontroversial to argue that the most important and far-reaching social consequence of new media is the increased ability for the formation of communities which were previously unavailable. These community groups are salient and consistent throughout the development of new media technology and additionally it is now possible for many to be part of multiple societal groups simultaneously. Such communities are so influential because they underpin and predicate the existence of other key elements of new media technology development, such as social change, cultural globalisation, digital identity, the mobilisation of smart technologies, etc.Theorists Wellman and Gulia argue that the current debate on virtual communities is problematic for several reasons. They state that t he polarisation of opinion makes the debate Manichean, and also that a sense of the history of community is absent. In addition to this, they contend that the debate on virtual communities is largely unscholarly and is parochial in the sense that it forces a divide between real life communities and those online. They go on to say that the notion of a traditional community is nostalgic and saturated with myth (Wellman Gulia, 1999). Whilst Wellman Gulia make some fair points, certainly the polarisation of the online debate (and also the separation of online life and real-life in theory) the two extremes of opinion have produced a substantial amount of research on the matter.When defining community it is useful to look at the work of German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies, who developed the terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft. Gemeinschaft (translated roughly as community) is described by Tonnies as traditional community, characterised by bonding through kinship, friendship, shared rel igious beliefs and community loyalty. Tonnies termed modern, capitalist societies as Gesellschaft (community, or association), where social interactions and relationships are much less personal, more calculated and contractual, where the society experiences increased isolation of individuals living within it (Tonnies, 1988).There is also important work regarding broader communities, in particular Benedict Andersons theories concerning nations, or as he terms imagined communities (Anderson, 1983). Since the members of a nation cannot possibly interact with (or have knowledge of) everyone within that nation, certain symbolic resources and rituals (or as Anderson refers invented traditions) are utilised to coalesce people and create a sense of shared identity (flags, national anthems, etc.). Anderson maintains that these types of communities depend on their members believing in them, and are maintained through the shared practice of cultural customs and devices (Anderson, 1983).These C urrent definitions of digital community, whilst useful, suffer the same drawbacks as most in that they can be taken to extremes within their own boundaries, and do little to draw the line as to how far to go. A useful analogy is presented by David Bell (2001), who asks I drive a car. To what extent could I argue that I belong to a community of car drivers?. Bell goes on to explain that his car driving community satisfies all aspects of popular community definitions. Identity as a car driver is institutionalised by a driving licence, which not only provides certain privileges but also acts as a proof of identity in a broader sense, and this is a commonality with other car drivers. Bell continues to describe a set of knowledges which all car drivers possess (of driving, of the road, etc.), some of them formalised and some tacit. Whilst the Highway Code formalises one strand of such knowledge there also exists a tacit discernment in the form of driving etiquette and the like. The fina l point Bell makes is that of facilitation. The car also facilitates his membership of off-road communities (Bell, 2001).Whether or not Bells example does repay a definition of community is still debatable, but it does raise some important points when trying to define community, especially when comparing or contrasting to those which exist online. The same terms of Bells analogy could just as simply be applied to MySpace or EBay, both of which have had a far-reaching and consequential impact on capitalist societies MySpace in many ways became the prototype of digital self-representation, with its ability for photographic and thematic customisation, coupled with a platform for originative endeavour or the broadcast of opinions. This paved the way for a broad range of online social media platforms which developed or augmented the original MySpace model. Conversely, EBay provided a platform for commerce which laid down an archetype for online trading. The eBay model for the first tim e allowed people to generate income through private auctioning on a global scale, in many cases providing entire businesses to operate solely within the confines of the site. Regardless of their achieved scope and proliferation of use, but would the question remainsthat mean regarding whether or not that these created communities satisfy a Gemeinschaft definition of community, and even if they did this would not necessarily make them communities in the nostalgic sense. , would that make them a community in the nostalgic sense? Bell explores this matter by offering a distinction between the terms (sometimes used synonymously by critical theorists) community and sub-cultureClearly theres a slippage between the two words, both taken to mean the same thing Bayms own work has used both to describe the same group of online soap fans, for example. But I think that the two words have very different connotations, so I started to wonder where the boundary between terms like these lies. (Bel l, 2001101)In this statement Bell makes a valid point. In the labelling of factions and groups as communities more often than not the term either becomes encapsulate, including a only host of assemblies which are perhaps better described in another category, or becomes exclusive to the point of rejection of all those groups which fail to satisfy the nostalgic and manifestly outdated notion of traditional community.With these comments in mind it seemsIt is important to establish a boundary by which to sector those groups which, although they may satisfy certain aspects of community new technology consequences, are not engaged in sufficient humanistic interaction to be defined as such. This does not present an warm problem as there are many online groups which fit this description and do not label themselves as communities, but remain consequential of new media. However, the emphasis on human interaction seems to be the key to which distinctions can be drawn between online organisa tions and actual communities. One notorious commentator on the subject, Howard Rheingold, states just thatVirtual communities are social aggregations that emerge from the net when enough people carry onpublic discussions long enough, with sufficient human feeling, to form webs of personal relationships in cyberspace. (Rheingold, 199312)Since traditional community is no longer possible in its pure form, due predominantly to capitalism and globalisation, people have searched out the areas of their community which they now lack. Humans , being social animals (and at best, survivalists) have utilised the internetnew media in tandem with the development of technology to maintain and keep hold back of the things which they inherently hold dear. In this case, the elements of community which contemporary society have consequentially eroded with new media are also supported by new media. These consequences are now are now to be found online in forums, groups and interactive spaces. New medi a technology The internet does not house communities, but symbiotically supports those areas of community which no longer exist outside of the webof such developments, and arguably, due to such developments. Online platforms such as MySpace or Facebook provide many services, but do not create a social network for its users. Rather, new media they allow users to supplement their existing social networks with online support. Furthermore online Interactions can take place which will allow families who are miles apart to keep in touch in ways that have previously been impossible, thus they are solving previous difficulties pertaining to traditional community, predominantly that of distance and (the resulting factor of) time, and strengthening these communities in ways that previously could not be achieved. It is now possible for community to become reinforced by new media technologies in ways that were previously impossible, thus strengthening the weak elements that existed in the Gemei nschaft-style structure. Utilising technology, traditional communities are able to function over distance in real-time, in cybernetic unison.ReferencesAnderson, B. (1983) Imagined Communities reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism, capital of the United Kingdom Verso.Baudrillard, J. (1983) Simulations, the States SemiotexteBaym, N. (1998) The emergence of an on-line community, Cited in S.Jones (ed.) Cybersociety 2.0 revisiting computer-mediated communication and community, Lon take on Sage.Bell, D. (2001) An Introduction to Cybercultures, Lon put one across Routledge.Halford, S. Savage, M. 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